At around the same time that Dr Sakel was putting schizophrenics into comas, Dr Ladislaus Meduna, a Hungarian neuropathologist became interested in the fact, previously observed by other physicians, that patients never seemed to suffer from both schizophrenia and epilepsy. He believed that this was because epileptic seizures actually prevented schizophrenia in some way. Meduna tested his theory by using chemicals to induce seizures in schizophrenic patients. After experimenting with several substances he settled on Cardiazol, a synthetic drug, as the convulsant of choice. Although the result’s of Medusa’s tests were inconclusive, he went on to describe Cardiazol shock as an effective treatment for schizophrenia and by 1940 it was being used worldwide. Like Sakel’s insulin coma treatment, Cardiazol shock caused side effects which most patients found intolerable. The uncontrolled convulsions left patients with shattered teeth, fractures and dislocations. Amnesia left gaps in their memories.